{
  "version": 1,
  "source": "JMdict",
  "date": "2026-09-12",
  "entries": 218765,
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.edrdg.org/pub/Nihongo/JMdict_e.gz",
  "sourceSha256": "1349ec95590e48bcc1262b2f8368bf63bb0564c03c7c4c87c0e9fa266ff4acc3",
  "sha256": "9d36ea9ead705c508fa75b40d7a63ddb8c6574e9b68f1295335c1f10dc3c5d9a",
  "bytes": 31445885,
  "gzipBytes": 8858093,
  "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "copyright": "Jim Breen and the Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group",
  "modifications": "English edition converted to compact JSON. Original spelling, reading and sense restrictions retained; part-of-speech and usage tags preserved. Separate Kotoba search index and noun filter are built in the browser.",
  "tags": {
    "bra": "Brazilian",
    "hob": "Hokkaido-ben",
    "ksb": "Kansai-ben",
    "ktb": "Kantou-ben",
    "kyb": "Kyoto-ben",
    "kyu": "Kyuushuu-ben",
    "nab": "Nagano-ben",
    "osb": "Osaka-ben",
    "rkb": "Ryuukyuu-ben",
    "thb": "Touhoku-ben",
    "tsb": "Tosa-ben",
    "tsug": "Tsugaru-ben",
    "agric": "agriculture",
    "anat": "anatomy",
    "archeol": "archeology",
    "archit": "architecture",
    "art": "art, aesthetics",
    "astron": "astronomy",
    "audvid": "audiovisual",
    "aviat": "aviation",
    "baseb": "baseball",
    "biochem": "biochemistry",
    "biol": "biology",
    "bot": "botany",
    "boxing": "boxing",
    "Buddh": "Buddhism",
    "bus": "business",
    "cards": "card games",
    "chem": "chemistry",
    "chmyth": "Chinese mythology",
    "Christn": "Christianity",
    "civeng": "civil engineering",
    "cloth": "clothing",
    "comp": "computing",
    "cryst": "crystallography",
    "dent": "dentistry",
    "ecol": "ecology",
    "econ": "economics",
    "elec": "electricity, elec. eng.",
    "electr": "electronics",
    "embryo": "embryology",
    "engr": "engineering",
    "ent": "entomology",
    "figskt": "figure skating",
    "film": "film",
    "finc": "finance",
    "fish": "fishing",
    "food": "food, cooking",
    "gardn": "gardening, horticulture",
    "genet": "genetics",
    "geogr": "geography",
    "geol": "geology",
    "geom": "geometry",
    "go": "go (game)",
    "golf": "golf",
    "gramm": "grammar",
    "grmyth": "Greek mythology",
    "hanaf": "hanafuda",
    "horse": "horse racing",
    "internet": "Internet",
    "jpmyth": "Japanese mythology",
    "kabuki": "kabuki",
    "law": "law",
    "ling": "linguistics",
    "logic": "logic",
    "MA": "martial arts",
    "mahj": "mahjong",
    "manga": "manga",
    "math": "mathematics",
    "mech": "mechanical engineering",
    "med": "medicine",
    "met": "meteorology",
    "mil": "military",
    "min": "mineralogy",
    "mining": "mining",
    "motor": "motorsport",
    "music": "music",
    "noh": "noh",
    "ornith": "ornithology",
    "paleo": "paleontology",
    "pathol": "pathology",
    "pharm": "pharmacology",
    "phil": "philosophy",
    "photo": "photography",
    "physics": "physics",
    "physiol": "physiology",
    "politics": "politics",
    "print": "printing",
    "prowres": "professional wrestling",
    "psy": "psychiatry",
    "psyanal": "psychoanalysis",
    "psych": "psychology",
    "rail": "railway",
    "rommyth": "Roman mythology",
    "Shinto": "Shinto",
    "shogi": "shogi",
    "ski": "skiing",
    "sports": "sports",
    "stat": "statistics",
    "stockm": "stock market",
    "sumo": "sumo",
    "surg": "surgery",
    "telec": "telecommunications",
    "tradem": "trademark",
    "tv": "television",
    "vet": "veterinary terms",
    "vidg": "video games",
    "zool": "zoology",
    "ateji": "ateji (phonetic) reading",
    "ik": "word containing irregular kana usage",
    "iK": "word containing irregular kanji usage",
    "io": "irregular okurigana usage",
    "oK": "word containing out-dated kanji or kanji usage",
    "rK": "rarely used kanji form",
    "sK": "search-only kanji form",
    "abbr": "abbreviation",
    "arch": "archaic",
    "char": "character",
    "chn": "children's language",
    "col": "colloquial",
    "company": "company name",
    "creat": "creature",
    "dated": "dated term",
    "dei": "deity",
    "derog": "derogatory",
    "doc": "document",
    "euph": "euphemistic",
    "ev": "event",
    "fam": "familiar language",
    "fem": "female term or language",
    "fict": "fiction",
    "form": "formal or literary term",
    "given": "given name or forename, gender not specified",
    "group": "group",
    "hist": "historical term",
    "hon": "honorific or respectful (sonkeigo) language",
    "hum": "humble (kenjougo) language",
    "id": "idiomatic expression",
    "joc": "jocular, humorous term",
    "leg": "legend",
    "m-sl": "manga slang",
    "male": "male term or language",
    "myth": "mythology",
    "net-sl": "Internet slang",
    "obj": "object",
    "obs": "obsolete term",
    "on-mim": "onomatopoeic or mimetic word",
    "organization": "organization name",
    "oth": "other",
    "person": "full name of a particular person",
    "place": "place name",
    "poet": "poetical term",
    "pol": "polite (teineigo) language",
    "product": "product name",
    "proverb": "proverb",
    "quote": "quotation",
    "rare": "rare term",
    "relig": "religion",
    "sens": "sensitive",
    "serv": "service",
    "ship": "ship name",
    "sl": "slang",
    "station": "railway station",
    "surname": "family or surname",
    "uk": "word usually written using kana alone",
    "unclass": "unclassified name",
    "vulg": "vulgar expression or word",
    "work": "work of art, literature, music, etc. name",
    "X": "rude or X-rated term (not displayed in educational software)",
    "yoji": "yojijukugo",
    "adj-f": "noun or verb acting prenominally",
    "adj-i": "adjective (keiyoushi)",
    "adj-ix": "adjective (keiyoushi) - yoi/ii class",
    "adj-kari": "'kari' adjective (archaic)",
    "adj-ku": "'ku' adjective (archaic)",
    "adj-na": "adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyodoshi)",
    "adj-nari": "archaic/formal form of na-adjective",
    "adj-no": "nouns which may take the genitive case particle 'no'",
    "adj-pn": "pre-noun adjectival (rentaishi)",
    "adj-shiku": "'shiku' adjective (archaic)",
    "adj-t": "'taru' adjective",
    "adv": "adverb (fukushi)",
    "adv-to": "adverb taking the 'to' particle",
    "aux": "auxiliary",
    "aux-adj": "auxiliary adjective",
    "aux-v": "auxiliary verb",
    "conj": "conjunction",
    "cop": "copula",
    "ctr": "counter",
    "exp": "expressions (phrases, clauses, etc.)",
    "int": "interjection (kandoushi)",
    "n": "noun (common) (futsuumeishi)",
    "n-adv": "adverbial noun (fukushitekimeishi)",
    "n-pr": "proper noun",
    "n-pref": "noun, used as a prefix",
    "n-suf": "noun, used as a suffix",
    "n-t": "noun (temporal) (jisoumeishi)",
    "num": "numeric",
    "pn": "pronoun",
    "pref": "prefix",
    "prt": "particle",
    "suf": "suffix",
    "unc": "unclassified",
    "v-unspec": "verb unspecified",
    "v1": "Ichidan verb",
    "v1-s": "Ichidan verb - kureru special class",
    "v2a-s": "Nidan verb with 'u' ending (archaic)",
    "v2b-k": "Nidan verb (upper class) with 'bu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2b-s": "Nidan verb (lower class) with 'bu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2d-k": "Nidan verb (upper class) with 'dzu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2d-s": "Nidan verb (lower class) with 'dzu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2g-k": "Nidan verb (upper class) with 'gu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2g-s": "Nidan verb (lower class) with 'gu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2h-k": "Nidan verb (upper class) with 'hu/fu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2h-s": "Nidan verb (lower class) with 'hu/fu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2k-k": "Nidan verb (upper class) with 'ku' ending (archaic)",
    "v2k-s": "Nidan verb (lower class) with 'ku' ending (archaic)",
    "v2m-k": "Nidan verb (upper class) with 'mu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2m-s": "Nidan verb (lower class) with 'mu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2n-s": "Nidan verb (lower class) with 'nu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2r-k": "Nidan verb (upper class) with 'ru' ending (archaic)",
    "v2r-s": "Nidan verb (lower class) with 'ru' ending (archaic)",
    "v2s-s": "Nidan verb (lower class) with 'su' ending (archaic)",
    "v2t-k": "Nidan verb (upper class) with 'tsu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2t-s": "Nidan verb (lower class) with 'tsu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2w-s": "Nidan verb (lower class) with 'u' ending and 'we' conjugation (archaic)",
    "v2y-k": "Nidan verb (upper class) with 'yu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2y-s": "Nidan verb (lower class) with 'yu' ending (archaic)",
    "v2z-s": "Nidan verb (lower class) with 'zu' ending (archaic)",
    "v4b": "Yodan verb with 'bu' ending (archaic)",
    "v4g": "Yodan verb with 'gu' ending (archaic)",
    "v4h": "Yodan verb with 'hu/fu' ending (archaic)",
    "v4k": "Yodan verb with 'ku' ending (archaic)",
    "v4m": "Yodan verb with 'mu' ending (archaic)",
    "v4n": "Yodan verb with 'nu' ending (archaic)",
    "v4r": "Yodan verb with 'ru' ending (archaic)",
    "v4s": "Yodan verb with 'su' ending (archaic)",
    "v4t": "Yodan verb with 'tsu' ending (archaic)",
    "v5aru": "Godan verb - -aru special class",
    "v5b": "Godan verb with 'bu' ending",
    "v5g": "Godan verb with 'gu' ending",
    "v5k": "Godan verb with 'ku' ending",
    "v5k-s": "Godan verb - Iku/Yuku special class",
    "v5m": "Godan verb with 'mu' ending",
    "v5n": "Godan verb with 'nu' ending",
    "v5r": "Godan verb with 'ru' ending",
    "v5r-i": "Godan verb with 'ru' ending (irregular verb)",
    "v5s": "Godan verb with 'su' ending",
    "v5t": "Godan verb with 'tsu' ending",
    "v5u": "Godan verb with 'u' ending",
    "v5u-s": "Godan verb with 'u' ending (special class)",
    "v5uru": "Godan verb - Uru old class verb (old form of Eru)",
    "vi": "intransitive verb",
    "vk": "Kuru verb - special class",
    "vn": "irregular nu verb",
    "vr": "irregular ru verb, plain form ends with -ri",
    "vs": "noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru",
    "vs-c": "su verb - precursor to the modern suru",
    "vs-i": "suru verb - included",
    "vs-s": "suru verb - special class",
    "vt": "transitive verb",
    "vz": "Ichidan verb - zuru verb (alternative form of -jiru verbs)",
    "gikun": "gikun (meaning as reading) or jukujikun (special kanji reading)",
    "ok": "out-dated or obsolete kana usage",
    "rk": "rarely used kana form",
    "sk": "search-only kana form"
  }
}